{"id":16446,"date":"2019-07-08T05:44:45","date_gmt":"2019-07-08T05:44:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.unicoil.sa\/?page_id=16446"},"modified":"2022-10-10T08:49:10","modified_gmt":"2022-10-10T08:49:10","slug":"galvanizing-literature","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.unicoil.com.sa\/Unicoil-Beta-Update\/en\/galvanizing-literature\/","title":{"rendered":"Galvanizing Literature"},"content":{"rendered":"There is extensive literature available on galvanizing in the public domain. This section of the library summarizes literature related to the galvanizing process for hot-dip galvanized steels, starting from a description of zinc and how it protects steel, to the hot-dip galvanizing process, related international standards, and applications.\n\n
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  1. 1<\/div>
    Basic Facts of Zinc as an Element<\/div><\/div>
    \n\nThis silvery, blue-gray vital metal is abundant, essential, and common \u2013 and even more importantly, infinitely recyclable. Zinc is the 27th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust. It naturally exits in air, water, soil, and the biosphere. Most rocks and many minerals, as well as humans, plants and animals contain zinc in varying amounts. In fact, approximately 5.8 million tons of zinc is naturally cycled through the environment annually by plant and animal life, rainfall, natural phenomena, and other activity.\n

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    Zinc<\/h4>\n

    Royal Society of Chemistry<\/h5>\nwww.rsc.org<\/a>\n\nZinc is identified as an element in 1746, but known to the Greeks and Romans before 20BC. Discovered by Andreas Marggraf, thhe name is derived from the German, ‘zinc’, which may in turn be derived from the Persian word ‘sing’, meaning stone…\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/li>\n\n
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    Zinc Mines in the World<\/div><\/div>
    \n\nWorldwide zinc consumption remained steady in 2011, as increased consumption in countries with emerging markets (such as China, Brazil, and India) offset declining consumption in Europe and the United States, according to International Lead and Zinc Study Group statistics.\n

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    Uses of Zinc<\/h4>\n

    Geology.com<\/h5>\nwww.geology.com<\/a>\n\nCenturies before it was identified as an element, zinc was used to make brass (an alloy of zinc and copper) and for medicinal purposes. Metallic zinc and zinc oxide were produced in India sometime between the 11th and 14th centuries and in China in the 17th century, although the discovery of pure metallic zinc is credited to the German chemist Andreas Marggraf, who isolated the element in 1746 …\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n
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    Zinc<\/h4>\n

    U.S. Geological Survey<\/h5>\nwww.minerals.usgs.gov<\/a>\n\nDomestic Production and Use: The value of zinc mined in 2013, based on zinc contained in concentrate, was about $1.60 billion. Zinc was mined in 4 States at 14 mines operated by 4 companies. Two facilities\u2014one primary and the other secondary\u2014produced the bulk of commercial-grade refined zinc metal…\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/li>\n\n
  3. 3<\/div>
    Processing of Zinc<\/div><\/div>
    \n\nThere are two main processes: the electrolytic process and the thermal process. Over 90% of the world’s production comes from the electrolytic process.\nThe electrolytic process, the process has four stages:\n\na) concentration of the ore\nb) roasting of the ore in air\nc) conversion of zinc oxide to zinc sulfate\nd) electrolysis of zinc sulfate solution\n

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    Uses of Zinc<\/h4>\n

    The Essential Chemical Industry<\/h5>\nwww.essentialchemicalindustry.org<\/a>\n\nZinc is often found in nature together with lead in sulfide ores. The metals are separated during refining. As zinc is resistant to corrosion and easy to apply, much of it is used to protect iron and steel-based products…\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/li>\n\n
  4. 4<\/div>
    Applications of Zinc in General<\/div><\/div>
    \n\nMore than 13 million tons of zinc was produced in 2013 worldwide. Sixty percent of this is used for galvanizing to protect steel from corrosion thus prolonging the service life of steel products significantly. Approximately 15% goes into the production of zinc base alloys, mainly to supply the die casting industry, 14% goes into the production of brass and bronze and 8% into the production of compounds including zinc oxide and zinc sulfate. The remainder is zinc alloys, mainly rolled, utilized in semi-manufactured applications including coinage and architectural applications.\n\nThese first-use suppliers then convert zinc into in a broad range of products. By far the largest application area is construction with 45% of all first-use zinc products used in this area. The transportation sector consumes 25% of global zinc consumption and consumer goods \u2013 including electrical and electronic appliances \u2013 accounts for 23%. The remaining 7% is used for the manufacture of industrial machinery.\n

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    History of Zinc<\/h4>\n

    International Zinc Association<\/h5>\nwww.zinc.org<\/a>\n\nCenturies before zinc was discovered in the metallic form, its ores were used for making brass and zinc compounds for medicinal purposes. Zinc compounds were in the ores smelted certainly as early as 200 B.C. to obtain copper and which gave alloys of copper and zinc \u2013 the brass family…\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n
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    End Uses of Lead<\/h4>\n

    International Lead and Zinc Study Group<\/h5>\nwww.ilzsg.org<\/a>\n\nThe principal consumption of lead is for lead-acid batteries which are used in vehicles, and in emergency systems (e.g. hospitals) as well as in industrial batteries found in computers and fork lift trucks…\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n
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    Application : Zinc Coating<\/h4>\n

    Zinc Information Center<\/h5>\nwww.zincinfocentre.org<\/a>\n\nThe principal consumption of lead is for lead-acid batteries which are used in vehicles, and in emergency systems (e.g. hospitals) as well as in industrial batteries found in computers and fork lift trucks…\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/li>\n\n
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    Applications of Zinc in Flat Steel Industry<\/div><\/div>
    \n\nThere are a number of zinc coatings which are often generically termed “galvanizing,” but each has unique characteristics. These characteristics not only affect applicability, but also economics and performance in the environment. The method of application, adhesion to the base metal, hardness, corrosion resistance, and thickness of each zinc coating varies. This practical aid examines the following zinc coatings: continuous sheet galvanizing, electro-galvanizing, and zinc plating; to help architects, engineers, and other specifiers assess and select the most suitable zinc coating for corrosion protection.\n

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    Hot-Dip Coated Sheet Products<\/h4>\n

    The GalvInfo Center<\/h5>\nwww.galvinfo.com<\/a>\n\nGalvInfoNote 2.1 describes the steel sheet hot-dip coating process, explaining how it is used to make seven different types of coated products. These products, and the specifications to which they are made, are described in more detail below. ….\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n
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    Zinc Coating<\/h4>\n

    Galvanizers Association<\/h5>\nwww.galvanizeit.org<\/a>\n\nZinc, a natural, healthy, and abundant element was first used in construction in 79 AD; thus, its characteristics as a well-suited corrosion protective coating for iron and steel products has long been known. The 27th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, zinc is naturally present in rocks, soil, air, water, and the biosphere, as well as in plants, animals, and humans…\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/li>\n\n
  6. 6<\/div>
    How Zinc Protects Steel<\/div><\/div>
    \n\nThe main mechanism by which galvanized coatings protect steel is by providing an impervious barrier that does not allow moisture to contact the steel, since without moisture (electrolyte) there is no corrosion. The nature of the galvanizing process ensures that the metallic zinc coating has excellent adhesion, abrasion, and corrosion resistance. Galvanized coatings will not degrade (crack, blister, and peel) as with other barrier coatings such as paint. However, zinc is a reactive material and will corrode and erode slowly. For this reason, the protection offered by a galvanized coating is proportional to its thickness and to the corrosion rate. It is therefore important to understand zinc’s corrosion mechanism and what factors affect the rate.\n

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    How Zinc Protects Steel<\/h4>\n

    The GalvInfo Center<\/h5>\nwww.galvinfo.com<\/a>\n\nSteel sheet is a very versatile product. It comes in many sizes and types, and is applied to many end uses including steel buildings, automotive panels, signs, and appliances. The low cost, strength and formability of steel sheet are some reasons for its widespread use…\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n
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    Galvanic\/Bimetallic (including Cut Edge) Corrosion of Galvanized Sheet<\/h4>\n

    The GalvInfo Center<\/h5>\nwww.galvinfo.com<\/a>\n\nCorrosion reactions require four components: viz., an anode, a cathode, an electrical circuit and an electrolyte. Galvanic corrosion is the corrosion that results when two dissimilar metals with different potentials are placed in electrical contact in an electrolyte….\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/li>\n\n
  7. 7<\/div>
    Processing of Hot Dip Galvanizing<\/div><\/div>
    \n\nAs the name implies, continuous hot-dip coating involves, continuous hot-dip coating involves the application of a molten coating onto the surface of steel sheet in a non-stop process. The steel sheet is passed as a continuous ribbon through a bath of molten metal at speeds up to 600 feet per minute. In the molten metal bath, the steel strip reacts (alloys) with the molten metal to bond the coating onto the strip surface. As the strip emerges from the molten bath, it drags out excess liquid metal, much like when an object is pulled rapidly from a container of water. Using a gas-wiping process, a controlled thickness of coating, usually expressed as weight (mass) of coating per unit area, is allowed to remain on the strip surface.\n

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    The Continuous Hot-Dip Coating Process for Steel Sheet Products<\/h4>\n

    The GalvInfo Center<\/h5>\nwww.galvinfo.com<\/a>\n\nThe continuous hot-dip coating process for steel-sheet products is widely used and employed in all corners of the globe today. It was originally developed over fifty years ago for galvanizing (zinc-coating). Now it is also used to apply other metals to steel sheet and the early practitioners would hardly recognize the coating lines of today…\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n
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    Continuous Hot-Dip\tGalvanizing \u2013 Process and Products<\/h4>\n

    The GalvInfo Center<\/h5>\nwww.galvinfo.com<\/a>\n\nGalvanizing is a process for rustproofing iron and steel by the application of a zinc coating. Three of the most-used processes for applying zinc to iron and steel are hot-dip galvanizing, electrogalvanizing, and zinc spraying. Most products are coated using the hot-dip process. ..\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/li>\n\n
  8. 8<\/div>
    Spangle Formation<\/div><\/div>
    \n\nThe dictionary defines “spangle” as a glittering object. When the word spangle is used to describe the surface appearance of galvanized steel sheet, it means the typical snowflake-like or six-fold star pattern that is visible to the unaided eye. Figure 1 shows the details of a typical spangle pattern of a galvanize coating at a magnification of about 10X.\n

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    The Spangle on Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel Sheet<\/h4>\n

    The GalvInfo Center<\/h5>\nwww.galvinfo.com<\/a>\n\nFor many years, galvanized articles made by hot-dip coating techniques were identified by a characteristic spangle appearance. In some cases, this is still true today. However, because of changes in the zinc refining process, in the galvanizing process, in the demands of the marketplace, and health concerns, relatively little hot-dip galvanized steel sheet made today has a visible spangle…\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/li>\n\n
  9. 9<\/div>
    Selecting Coating Thickness (Weight or Mass) for Galvanized Steel Sheet Products<\/div><\/div>
    \n\nThe proper selection of coating thickness to meet a galvanized steel sheet user’s needs requires knowledge of the corrosiveness of the environment in which the product will be used. The thickness of the zinc coating largely determines its ultimate life, but it is not used directly to specify the amount of coating. GalvInfoNote 1.1 explains why galvanized sheet coatings are specified, not as thickness, but as coating weight (inch-pound system) or coating mass (SI system).\n

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    Selecting Coating Thickness (Weight or Mass) for Galvanized Steel Sheet Products<\/h4>\n

    The GalvInfo Center<\/h5>\nwww.galvinfo.com<\/a>\n\nThe proper selection of coating thickness to meet a galvanized steel sheet user’s needs requires\nknowledge of the corrosiveness of the environment in which the product will be used. The thickness of the zinc coating largely determines its ultimate life, but it is not used directly to specify the amount of coating…\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n
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    Understanding Coating Weight Designations for Zinc-Based Coatings on Steel Sheet<\/h4>\n

    The GalvInfo Center<\/h5>\nwww.galvinfo.com<\/a>\n\nFor many years, galvanized articles made by hot-dip coating techniques were identified by a characteristic spangle appearance. In some cases, this is still true today. However, because of changes in the zinc refining process, in the galvanizing process, in the demands of the marketplace, and health concerns, relatively little hot-dip galvanized steel sheet made today has a visible spangle…\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/li>\n\n
  10. 10<\/div>
    Applications of Galvanized Steel Sheets<\/div><\/div>
    \n\nApplication of Galvanized steel sheets : HVAC ducting, White goods, Air conditioners & Refrigeration systems, electrical panels water heaters and coolers, Metal ducking, Roofing, Steel Doors, Furniture, Automobile, armour of underground cables’ cable trays grills, mesh, false celling, partitions etc,\n\n<\/div><\/li>\n\n
  11. 11<\/div>
    National and International Standards Related to Galvanized Steels Sheets<\/div><\/div>
    \n\nASTM A653\/A653M-15 Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy- Coated (Galvannealed) by the Hot-Dip Process: EN 10346-09 -Continuously hot dip coated steel flat products \u2014 Technical delivery conditions: JIS G3302 – Hot-dip zinc-coated steel sheets and coils: ISO 3575-2011- Continuous hot-dip zinc-coated carbon steel sheet of commercial and drawing qualities\n\n\"astm-logo\"\n\n<\/div><\/li>\n\n
  12. 12<\/div>
    Why Lead is Added to Zinc Bath Used for Galvanizing<\/div><\/div>
    \n\nLead promotes spangle formation. Lead is miscible in liquid zinc to about 0.5%. Levels above that will settle to the bottom of the galvanizing bath as an immiscible lead-rich liquid.\n

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    The Spangle on Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel Sheet<\/h4>\n

    The GalvInfo Center<\/h5>\nwww.galvinfo.com<\/a>\n\nFor many years, galvanized articles made by hot-dip coating techniques were identified by a characteristic spangle appearance. In some cases, this is still true today. However, because of changes in the zinc refining process, in the galvanizing process, in the demands of the marketplace, and health concerns, relatively little hot-dip galvanized steel sheet made today has a visible spangle..\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/li>\n\n
  13. 13<\/div>
    Grades of Zinc Available for Continuous Hot Dip Galvanizing<\/div><\/div>
    \n\nZinc plays a crucial role in continuous hot-dip galvanizing. Using the correctly specified grade of zinc, continuous galvanizing grade (CGG) alloy, or master alloy is key to producing a galvanized product that meets the requirements of the market place. Close control of the amount of aluminum in the zinc is critical to achieving good adhesion to the steel substrate. To accomplish this, the galvanizer must be able to depend on a supply of raw zinc ingots that meet specific composition limits. This is accomplished through a series of ASTM standards that cover zinc products. GalvInfoNote 5.2 at the GalvInfo Center (see link below) reviews the zinc grades available for continuous hot-dip galvanizing and the ASTM documents that govern them.\n

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    Zinc Grades Used for Continuous Hot-Dip Galvanizing<\/h4>\n

    The GalvInfo Center<\/h5>\nwww.galvinfo.com<\/a>\n\nZinc plays a crucial role in continuous hot-dip galvanizing. Using the correctly specified grade of zinc, continuous galvanizing grade (CGG) alloy, or master alloy is key to producing a galvanized product that meets the requirements of the market place…\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/li>\n\n
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    Effect of Lead in Zinc on Galvanized Steel Performance\/Durability<\/div><\/div>
    \n\n\u2022 Spangle darkening\n\u2022 Delayed adhesion failure\n\u2022 Not suitable for painting applications\n

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    Premature Darkening Problem and its Prevention in Galvanized Sheet Surface<\/h4>\n

    Science Direct<\/h5>\nwww.sciencedirect.com<\/a>\n\nIn the engineering and construction sectors, hot-dip galvanized steel sheets are preferred by users for their beautiful appearance consisting of large flowery grains termed ”spangles”; originating from the solidification pattern of the zinc layer….\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/li>\n\n
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    Alternatives to Lead in Zinc<\/div><\/div>
    \n\nThe use of antimony mitigates the health concerns of lead, however spangle boundary corrosion can remain an issue.\n

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    The Spangle on Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel Sheet<\/h4>\n

    The GalvInfo Center<\/h5>\nwww.galvinfo.com<\/a>\n\nFor many years, galvanized articles made by hot-dip coating techniques were identified by a characteristic spangle appearance. In some cases, this is still true today. However, because of changes in the zinc refining process, in the galvanizing process, in the demands of the marketplace, and health concerns, relatively little hot-dip galvanized steel sheet made today has a visible spangle…\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/li>\n\n
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    New Clause in ASTM for Galvanized Steel Sheets Limiting the Lead in Zinc to 90ppm<\/div><\/div>
    \n\n6.2 Zinc Bath Analysis\u2014The bath metal used in continuous hot-dip galvanizing shall contain not less than 99 % zinc, with a lead level not exceeding 0.009%.\n\nNOTE 3\u2014To control alloy formation and promote adhesion of the zinc coating with the steel base metal, the molten coating metal composition normally contains a percentage of aluminum usually in the range from 0.05 to 0.25. This aluminum is purposely supplied to the molten coating bath, either as a specified ingredient in the zinc spelter or by the addition of a master alloy containing aluminum. Specification B852 specifies continuous galvanizing grade (CGG) zinc alloys, including multiple zinc alloys, that both enable the molten coating to be controlled within 0.05 to 0.25 % aluminum and to not exceed 0.009 % lead. Specification B6 specifies certain grades of zinc that do not exceed 0.009 percent lead, but contain lower levels of aluminum.\n

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    Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed) by the Hot-Dip Process<\/h4>\n

    ASTM International<\/h5>\n\twww.astm.org <\/a>\n\nThis specification covers steel sheet, zinc-coated (galvanized) or zinc-iron alloy-coated (galvannealed) by the hot-dip process in coils and cut lengths. The material is available in several designations as follows: commercial steel, forming steel, deep drawing steel, extra deep drawing steel, structural steel, high strength low alloy steel, high strength low alloy steel with improved formability, solution hardened steel, and bake hardenable steel…\n\nread more<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/li>\n\n<\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"There is extensive literature available on galvanizing in the public domain. This section of the library summarizes literature related to the galvanizing process for hot-dip galvanized steels, starting from a description of zinc and how it protects steel, to the hot-dip galvanizing process, related international standards, and applications.","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_theme","meta":{"footnotes":""},"yoast_head":"\nGalvanizing Literature - UNICOIL<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unicoil.com.sa\/Unicoil-Beta-Update\/en\/galvanizing-literature\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Galvanizing Literature - UNICOIL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"There is extensive literature available on galvanizing in the public domain. 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